Definition of Cryptology
What is Cryptology?
Cryptology is the art developing a secret code and/or the using code in an encryption system converting information from its normal, comprehensible form into an incomprehensible format, rendering it unreadable without secret knowledge.
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Cryptology
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Basic Cryptanalysis Techniques
The only application referenced in this document is the CRyptoANalysis ToolKit (CRANK). A basic understanding of cryptanalysis is essential to appreciating the complexities of a good cryptographic algorithm. For example a manager of a software company or someone who is involved with code auditing would find it is essential that good well tested algorithms are used instead of a weak in house cipher. This paper will give you the basic tools necessary to begin a rudimentary examination of a cipher.
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A Review of the Diffie-Hellman Algorithm and its Use in Secure Internet Protocols
This paper will present an overview of the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange algorithm and review several common cryptographic techniques in use on the Internet today that incorporate Diffie-Hellman. The privacy requirements normally encountered in the traditional paper document world are increasingly expected in Internet transactions today. Secure digital communications are necessary for web-based e-commerce, mandated privacy for medical information, etc. In general, secure connections between parties communicating over the Internet is now a requirement.
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Cryptographic Services - A Brief Overview
This paper examines the use of cryptography in implementing the services of authentication, integrity, non-repudiation, and confidentiality. The various methods of cryptography are reviewed. Finally some of the pros and cons for the use of cryptography are discussed.
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AES: The Making of a New Encryption Standard
Most people agree that reading through a stack of governmental standards - full of proclamations, legal jargon, acronyms, and technical specifications - is quite laborious. Few information security professionals, however, survive without them. Standards form the backbone of communication systems, describing (if not requiring) the detailed requirements for interoperability. One needs only to consider the Internet to perceive the importance. The Internet Protocol (IP), considered the fundamental network standard, allows millions of computers to communicate. Many other Internet protocols (e.g., TCP, X.509, and IPSec) serve critical roles in specifying how IP packets are controlled, authenticated, and encrypted.
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E-Mail Security with S/MIME
Since I attended my first SANS Institute class the week after the 10th anniversary of the first release of PGP, and since I found no course material relating to S/MIME, this topic seemed to make sense. The intent of this paper is to present an overview of the history, design, usage and the current state of market and community acceptance of S/MIME while contrasting it, where appropriate, to PGP. A basic understanding of public-key concepts is assumed, as is some familiarity with the Internet RFC (Request for Comment) process and the X.500 standards..
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The Weakest Link: The Human Factor Lessons Learned from the German WWII Enigma Cryptosystem
With quadrillions of possible encryptions for each message, the German Enigma machine was, at its time, quite possibly the most advanced cryptosystem in the world. "If 1000 operators with captured machines tested four keys a minute 24 hours a day, it would take them 900 million years to try them all! The Germans were convinced that their codes were quite unbreakable." This paper highlights the need for security professionals and management to not overlook the weakest link in security systems - that being the human factor. It is easy to become overly confident solely in the use of advanced algorithms and technology. History shows reliance on an advanced technology is doomed if the people operating the system are not fully trained and managed.
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The Advanced Encryption System (AES) Development Effort: Overview and Update
Selecting a single research topic relevant to the information security arena is not as easy as it may seem at first blush. Even though there are many topics and an immense amount of research material to wade through on each, I experienced the same feeling inside when I selected a topic as I do every time I enter my kids' room, which usually looks like a tornado had just passed through, and not knowing where to begin. After some thought, I decided to research and report on a topic that is fundamental to all of information security, cryptosystems, specifically, the Advanced Encryption System (AES) Development Effort headed up by the United States government. Wherever you find a process that protects data, especially data that may travel through public networks, you are bound to find a cryptosystem.
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Who's Who in AES?
The main goal in designing any encryption algorithm is security. There are several encryption methods in use today using various algorithms depending on the information being protected. Some are used to protect unclassified but sensitive data and other secret algorithms are used to protect the most highly classified data. This paper is going to introduce the new Advanced Encryption Standard, or AES, the winning algorithm, its competitors, the specifications set forth, and decision making process of NIST.
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Quantum Encryption vs Quantum Computing: Will the Defense or Offense Dominate?
Quantum encryption will soon provide unbreakable ciphers. Quantum computers will soon allow the cracking of every cipher. Does something sound contradictory about those statements? The fact is we have a bit of a dichotomy here, and with teams on both sides of the argument fervently pushing their contradictory visions it can be hard for computer security professionals to separate the fact from the hype. But that is what we are paid to do, and we have an obvious stake in how these technologies will change the future. This paper examines these topics by providing a snapshot of current research. We should start, however, with a short review of encryption today.
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Quantum Cryptography: Is your data safe even when somebody looks?
In order to understand how and why quantum cryptographic key exchange works, it is useful to understand a little bit of quantum mechanics. You can skip this section if you like and take my word for what the results are - but if you were a trusting person you wouldn't be reading a paper on cryptography would you? Besides, quantum cryptography can be thought of as a special case (probably the most simple case) of the broader topic of quantum computing. As such, understanding the properties of quantum mechanics that make quantum cryptography possible and useful will provide a basis for understanding more complex quantum phenomena (if this introduction should pique your interest in this area).
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