Using PGP to Verify Digital Signatures
PGP stands for Pretty Good Privacy. It is a computer program that uses mathematical algorithms to encrypt files and protect them from unauthorized access. It is also used to digitally sign and verify documents. Versions of the PGP program are available for most popular computer operating systems-Microsoft Windows, MacOS, and UNIX, to name a few.
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Cryptography 2000 10
Cryptography is both a fascinating mathematical science and a key technology for the emerging information society, with theory and applications being closely related. This article reviews some highlights of the past ten years of research in cryptography and its applications and discusses some of the main challenges for future research.
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Security Implications of Hardware vs. Software Cryptographic Modules
Cryptographic modules can be implemented either by hardware or by software. Whereas software implementations are known for being easier to develop and to maintain, when it comes to cryptographic modules or security-related applications in general, software implementations are significantly less secure than their hardware equivalents. The reason for this is due mostly to the fact that software solutions make use of shared memory space, are running on top of an operating system and are more fluid in terms of ease of modification.
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Key Iterations & Cryptographic Salts
One of the most powerful attacks one can mount on encrypted data is a Dictionary Attack. A dictionary attack is a form of a brute force attack, which simply tries every single combination of a key against encrypted data. However, in most cases, this is not needed. User passphrases are unfortunately sometimes based on real words, dates, names, etc. We can eliminate most of the pass-phrase combinations by simply testing for most probable 30,000 words. An English dictionary is a good place to start, hence the term Dictionary Attack. This means that a key with a 128 bit key space, which has 3.4 x 1038 possible combinations, has just been reduced to just over 30,000 (somewhere between 11 and 12 bits). A computer that can process just 1 pass-phrase per second can run through the dictionary in just over 8 hours.
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Advanced Encryption Standard by Example
The following document provides a detailed and easy to understand explanation of the implementation of the AES(RIJNDAEL) encryption algorithm. The purpose of this paper is to give developers with little or no knowledge of cryptography the ability to implement AES.
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Quantum Cryptography
This essay can be little out of usual hacking/cracking topic, but I wanted to present you a new technologies that are now used. Also, this tutorial has a 'growing intension' so it will be updated at time to time. The needing for update is mainly here because of need for better explanation because it's hard topic even to those that are familiar with quantum physics and this tutorial is not written for people that are familiar with quantum physics and will give you only basic idea about quantum cryptography. I would be very thankful for any suggestion how to make this tutorial better and clearer because it's very hard to explain some details of quantum theory to people that are not familiar with it. I will be most satisfied if this tutorial can read even my grandmother and get something from it.
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Digital Signatures and European Laws
The European directive is used for business in which European partners (persons or societies) or public administrations are involved. It also means that if an American organization enters into an electronic contract with a European society it has to respect European requirements to ensure the contract is valid. This paper will address these issues and then provide an overview of current trends within various countries in Europe.
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Unlocking the Secrets of Crypto: Cryptography, Encryption, and Cryptology Explained
Encryption, decryption and code breaking came into the public consciousness in the 1980s with popularity of the movie War Games. It became newsworthy in the 1990s with the legal battles surrounding PGP and the political discussion of the Clipper Chip. Now, with information security becoming more and more of a common concern, the terms encryption, cryptography and cryptology - commonly grouped together under the term "crypto" - are seeping into our daily language. Still, many people are unsure of what these terms refer to. The purpose of this article is to demystify crypto and break it down to simple tools that aid us in achieving satisfactory privacy and security.
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Basics of Cryptography
I expect you have read one or to papers on cryptography...like everyone else You read, looked confused, felt confused, and a few probably ran away and Cried. Why? Because the encryption used today"s is industrial strength. That"s Because its has to be as our lives rely on information, and so do businesses, So encryption has to stronger than an iron sponge soaked in super glue to keep Our secrets safe. So any papers on the subject start at the top because that is the standard today. But I will start at the beginning (that"s original) so you can learn the Basics of cryptography and build from there.
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Introduction to Encryption
The goal of this article is to present the reader with an introduction to the basics of encryption, its role in the small office/ home office environment and the benefits and drawbacks of encryption to the non-professional user who is concerned about information security.
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Communications Security for the Twenty-first Century: The Advanced Encryption Standard
In August 1999 NIST announced the five finalists: MARS, RC6, Rijndael, Serpent, and Twofish. These were widely accepted-along with some support for E2-as the "best" submissions, and NSA called these "appropriate choices," reported NIST. But there was also concern that the first year of public evaluation had concentrated on picking off the easy targets and that the remaining evaluation period was insufficient for a full evaluation of the finalists. The winner(s) will be determined in summer 2000.
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Foundations of Cryptography
Cryptography has been employed for keeping secrets since the time of Caesar. From the simplest ciphers of shifting letters, to mathematically provably secure ciphers of today, cryptography has progressed a long way. It also has widened to a number of uses and capabilities to fit an ever growing number of applications. Cryptography makes it possible to keep data secure over an insecure network.
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Encryption - The Missing Defence Tool In Many Companies' Security Policy
Over the last few years, protection against external attacks has been the main focus of information security policies and purchases but this has caused the other aspects of data security to be overlooked. A number of surveys over the last two years have highlighted the fact that the majority of real data losses have been through internal attack or simple loss of removable storage media.
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